مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

In order to evaluate the effects of potassium sulfate and nanopotassium fertilizers on two pistachio cultivars under salinity stress a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were three levels of salinity (0.5, 8 and 12 dSm-1) and potassium sulfate fertilizer (1 and 2%) and nano–potassium fertilizer (1 and 2 g L-1). The results showed that Akbari cultivar had the highest total chlorophyll, root potassium and proline contents compared with AhmadAghaei cultivar. The highest chloropyll conten was observed in Akbari cultivar under 0.5 dSm-1 NaCl by application of 2 g L-1 nano–potassium fertilizer. The lowest root sodium content was belonged to Akbari cultivar at 0.5 dSm-1 salinity stress with application of 1% sulfate potassium fertilizer. The minimum and maximunm content of proline was related to the salinity of 0.5 dsm-1 in AhmadAghaei cultivar and 12 dSm-1 in Akbari cultivar, respectively. The highest proline content was obtained by application of 2 g L-1 nano–potassium fertilizer. Application of potassium fertilizers reduced the adverse effects of salinity on pistachio seedlings.

Despite of physiological and biochemical investigation on plants responses to drought stress, many plants, including calendula, can not cope with stress through internal mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reduce the negative effects of drought stress on calendula using magnetic field as an environmentally friendly method. This experiment was performed as a factorial (2 factors) in a completely randomized design with 11 replications. Factors included tree levels of magnetic field (zero, 1.5 and 3 Tesla) and tree levels of drought stress (100, 80 and 60 perecentage of field capacity). The results showed that with decreasing irrigation, morphological characteristics such as leaf fresh weight, fresh weight and root length, fresh weight, number and diameter of flowers, height decreased. The magnetic field factor was also significant on the properties expressed at the 1% level. So that the magnetic field treatment was able to increase the fresh weight of leaves at the irrigation level of 60 % of field capacity and increased the fresh weight of flowers at all levels of irrigation. Treatment with 1.5 T magnetic field in interaction with irrigation levels caused a significant increase in total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proline and total phenol compared to the control. However, 3 T magnetic treatment did not show a positive and significant effect on plant traits. In general, the treatment of magnetic fields by creating resistance mechanisms in drought stress conditions can replace chemical methods that have adverse effects on the environment.

Internal production of ethylene gas and increasing in respiration are among the factors that reduce the vase life of Alstroemeria cut flowers and the use of ethylene adsorbents can be effective in this regard. In order to evaluate the effect of potassium permanganate on the quality and vase life of cut flowers of Alstroemeria cultivar Orange Queen, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two factors and 3 replications. The first factor was potassium permanganate at concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 4% (w / v) as a treatment in the solution and the second factor was the sampling time (days 0, 6 and 12). The parameters of vase life, relative fresh weight of flowering stem, chlorophyll index, ion leakage rate, malondialdehyde content, total phenol content and activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were measured. The results showed that the maintenance of cut flowers in post-harvest conditions led to a decrease in chlorophyll index and relative fresh weight, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased over time. Application of potassium permanganate led to maintenance of chlorophyll index and total phenol content, reduction of ion leakage rate and reduction of malondialdehyde content, as well as increasing the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. The relative fresh weight of flowering stem showed an increasing trend due to the application of potassium permanganate and the concentration of 2% potassium permanganate led to a 66% increase in the relative fresh weight of the stem. Application of 2% potassium permanganate increased significantly (48%) compared to the control and other concentrations of potassium permanganate while vase life was increased 5 days compared to the control. In general, it can be concluded that the application of potassium permanganate at a concentration of 2% increased the vase life and maintained the quality of Alstroemeria cut flowers.

The present study was conducted as a factorial study in a randomized complete block design on Hayward cultivar kiwifruit vines for two years. The first factor included the intensity of summer pruning in four levels, and the second factor included pruning time at two levels. The results showed that fruit yield and size were affected by the interaction of pruning intensity and pruning time, and the leaf-to-fruit ratio, light transmission through the canopy, and fruit firmness were affected by pruning intensity. The highest yield, with 126.2 kg/vine, was observed in zero leaf pruning one month after fruit set. Pruning after 3-4 leaves after the last fruit and pruning after the last fruit reduced the leaf-to-fruit ratio and increased light transmission from the canopy of kiwifruit vines. Different pruning treatments increased the firmness of the fruit by about one unit compared to the control, but had no significant effect on the amount of soluble solids, vitamin C, and dry matter. According to the results of this experiment, zero leaf pruning within four weeks after fruit set and pruning after 3-4 leaves after the last fruit within a week after fruit set showed better effects on vine growth, yield, and some quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit.

The effect of nutrient solutions on growth characteristics and nutrient elements concentration in leaf and root of potted Calla lily (Zantedeschia pentlandii cv. Allure ) was studied in a CRD_based split plot design with two factors, nutrient solutions and vermicompost in soilless media cultures. Results showed that application of different nutrient solutions and different levels of vermicompost significantly affected the studied traits. The highest leaf area was obtained in effect of nutrient solution 3× vermicomposte 15% with mean 67.33 mm2 , the highest of leaves fresh weight,  leaves dry weight were in effect of nutrient solution 2 vermicomposte15% with means 2.33 and 0.24 gr. The highest root wet weigh, root dry weight were gained in effects of nutrient solution 3× vermicomposte 15% and nutrient solution 1× vermicomposte 15% with means 7.76 and 2.03 gr. The gighest root length was related to nutrient solution 2× vermicomposte 15% with mean 32 cm. The highest number of flower was seen in nutrient solution 3× vermicomposte 15%. The highest number of tubers was obtained in effects of nutrient solution 2× vermicomposte 15% with mean 1.98 and the most chlorophyll index was in effects of nutrient solution 2× vermicomposte 15% with mean 43.53. In leaf of calla lily, nutrition solutions 2 and 3, vermicompost %5 and 15% have the most absorbance of macro and micro elements. Also, in media culture of calla lily, the highest absorption of macro and micro elements were observed in nutrition solutions 1 and 3 and vermicompost 10% and 15%.

Breeding program carried out in Horticultural Research Station of the University of Tehran in 1996 with crossing of seven good quality seeded grape cultivars as female parents (Muscat Siah, Tabraze, Dizmari, Alhaghi, Ghezelozum, Rajabi Sefid, Alibaba) and four seedless grapes as male parents (Bidane Sefid, Bidane Ghermez, Yaghouti, Askari). 223 and 276 genotypes of that crossing respectively in 2019 and 2020 with bush training were evaluated for their quantitative and qualitative traits. Blooming date and fruit and seed traits were measured and recorded. Based on the results, the highest percentage of coefficient variation was in the number of floating and sink seeds of a berry, berry color, and dry weight of seeds per berry, cluster weight, while the lowest coefficient of variation was obtained for pH juice and berry width. There was a positive correlation between berry traits and seed index. The seedless progenies were 17.93% in the first year and 9.05% in the second year. Fresh weight of seeds in a berry in classes of seedless, semi-seedless, semi-seeded and seeded were recorded 0.02, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 g respectively. In comparative with male parents and control groups, seedless genotypes of G135, H126, H139, H171 in 2019 and B60, D66, H124, H139 in 2020, were recognized as superior genotypes. As well as, among semi-seedless genotypes, E147, G110, C88, I67, F125 were selected as superior due to their traits. Finally, the best selected seedless genotypes of H139 with a berry weight of 2.6 g and D66 with a berry weight of 3.3 g which are highly recommended for further studies to be released as new cultivars.

Xenia plays an important role in increasing yield and improving the quantitative and qualitative traits of nut fruits and is widely used in breeding programs. This study was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design. The first factor is pollen in four level, and the second factor is cultivar in four level with three replications. In this study, Ronde, Atrak, Ganjeh and Nemsa cultivars were used as the maternal and the Gerde- Eshkvarat, Ryasnet, Daviana and Negrate cultivars were used as pollinizers; Self-pollination of main cultivars was also used as a control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different pollen grain sources on some chemical and biochemical compounds of hazelnut kernel. The results showed that the interaction of pollen grains and cultivar on hazelnut kernel compounds was significant. The highest percentage of oil in Daviana × Ganjeh (65.93%), protein in Ronde × Daviana (17.75%), potassium in Ryasnet × Ronde (366.68 mg.100g-1), calcium in the Ryasnet × Ronde (336.53 mg.100gr-1) and phosphorus in Daviana× Ronde (370.87 mg.100g-1), phenol in Riacent×  Atrak (3.45 mg .g-1), total unsaturated fatty acid in Atrak × Daviana (91.56%), total saturated fatty acid in Gerde- Eshkavarat× Atrak (12.34%) were observed. The results showed that Daviana and Ryasnet pollen grains were suitable for pollination of the studied cultivars and they could be used as suitable pollinizer.

Optimization of the culture medium of hairy roots in terms of the composition and type of ingredients in the medium is essential for proper growth and optimal biomass production. The greatest advantage of culturing Hairy roots is that they are often capable of producing secondary metabolites compared to the mother plant. In this research, transgenic hairy root induction was established through the mediation of the A7 strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Molecular confirmation of hairy roots was done by PCR using rolB gene-specific primers. With response surface methodology (RSM) coding, the effect of three types of basal liquid MS media (MS, ½ MS and ¼ MS) with different sucrose concentrations (15, 30, and 45 g / L) and three pH levels (5.5, 5.8 and 6.1) on the growth of hairy root was investigated. The fresh and dry weight of hairy roots was measured after 4 weeks. The obtained results of response surface methods showed that the highest dry weight of hairy roots in the culture medium with a concentration of 0.56 of MS (≅ 1/2MS), 30 g of sucrose, and pH of 5.8. In optimum conditions, the utility value was 0.990, and the fresh and dry weight of hairy roots, was 8.58g and 0.317g, respectively. According to GC/MS results, the amount of atropine alkaloid in hairy roots grown in optimum culture medium was about 6.88%.

Bicarbonate stress causes Fe chlorosis which, in turn, results in yield reduction, the delay in fruit bearing and reduced fruit quality, photosynthesis and growth processes in plants. In this study, the effects of organic acids on the alleviation of bicarbonate stress in some peach cultivars was investigated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications. Factors studied in this experiment included three peach cultivars grafted on GF 677 rootstock, three levels of calcium bicarbonate (0, 7.5 and 15 mM) and two levels of organic acid (0 and 10 mM). Among the studied cultivars, J.H. Hale cultivar was the most sensitive cultivar and Barzegar cultivar was the most resistant to chlorosis induced by iron deficiency. Organic acids significantly improved the growth characteristics of different cultivars, especially under calcium bicarbonate stress conditions. Organic acids reduced the intensity of chlorosis due to iron deficiency in the studied cultivars by up to 20%. In the study of physiological and biochemical traits, it was found that organic acids improve the relative water content of leaves (up to 16%), chlorophyll content (up to 33%), proline accumulation (up to 35.9%) and also increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (up to 23.4%), superoxide dismutase (up to 26.5%) and guaiacol peroxidase (up to 14.4%). Organic acids improved the growth characteristics of peach seedlings under bicarbonate stress conditions by improving water relations, leaf chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an important horticultural crop for oil production. This study was conducted to evaluate the flowering characteristics of more than 90 native olive genotypes and cultivars. It was performed for two years (2011-2012) at Tarom Olive Research Station. The studied traits included the flowering time, number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of perfect flowers, fruit set in self-pollination and open pollination and pollen germination rate. The results showed that the earliest opening time of flowers was related to genotypes Qg13, Qg28 and cultivar of Koroneiki and the latest flowering time was in Bash genotype. Flowering time interval between the first and last genotype lasted 18 days. The average number of flowers per inflorescence was 20.52 flowers. Among the olive genotypes and cultivars, the number of perfect flowers varied from 0.7% to 50.9%. The effect of canopy direction was significant on number of flowers in inflorescence and percentage of perfect flowers. Most of genotypes and cultivars had high self-compatibility in pollination and 12% of genotypes had severe self-incompatibility. In open pollination, the lowest final fruit set was related to genotype Tmo1 with 0.1% and the highest was related to cultivar Arbequina with 4%. In pollen germination, the genotype Tmo1 with 4.8% had the lowest and genotypes of D1, Qg18 with 88% had the highest pollen germination. The genotype Tmo1 had abnormal flowers with without filament of stamens and attached anthers.

In order to study the characteristics of two cultivars of pistachio rootstocks, Zarand and Qazvini, under the influence of zinc and sodium chloride stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely random design with three replications in the research green house of Qom municipality during the years 2017-2018. With three repetitions in Qom. The root system of the seeds was fed a 50% solution of Hogland. The seedlings were exposed to four salinity levels of zero (control), 5, 10 and 15 dS/m, and three zinc levels from sulfate source (ZnSO4.7H2O) including zero (control), 1 and 5 uM. The results showed that salinity treatment of 15dS.m reduced seedling height, wet weight of leaves, calcium molar fraction and sulfhydryl groups. By increasing the stress level of sodium chloride, decrease in potassium to sodium ratio however, ion leakage, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity increased. 5uM treatment of zinc sulfate increases wet leaf weight, seedling height, and low molecular weight calcium concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the root and ion leakage reduction occurred. The results showed that the root tissue of Qazvini compared to Badami zarand the concentration of sulfhydryl groups and the ratio of potassium to sodium are higher and there is less ion leakage. Accordingly, the Qazvini rootstock is more resistant to oxidative stress sodium chloride.